Archive for Ericsson

Ericsson and Mastercard enhance global digital money movement and accelerate digital financial inclusion

Posted in Commentary with tags on February 18, 2026 by itnerd

Ericsson and Mastercard today announce a collaboration to reshape how money moves across the world. By integrating the Ericsson Fintech Platform (Mobile Financial Services) with Mastercard Move – Mastercard’s portfolio of money movement solutions – the collaboration will empower telecom service providers, banks, and fintechs to expand digital wallet capabilities, launch new payment services, and reach unbanked or underbanked communities.

Ericsson’s pre-integrated application programming interfaces (APIs), cloud-native deployment and compliance-ready infrastructure simplifies fintech connectivity to Mastercard Move.

These capabilities reduce technology complexity, lower operational barriers (by simplifying integration, deployment and compliance) and accelerate time to market for new payment services – all aimed at catalyzing innovation and growth in the sector.

The Ericsson-Mastercard collaboration transforms how financial services are built, delivered and scaled. It creates new revenue streams and strengthens digital ecosystems across emerging and developed markets.

Financial inclusion and accessibility are key focuses of the collaboration. Mastercard Move enables money movement across 200 countries and territories, connecting more than ten billion endpoints, and supporting transactions in 150 currencies.

Ericsson’s fintech platform operates in 22 countries, serving more than 120 million active users and processing more than four billion transactions every month across digital wallets, payments, remittances, lending, and loyalty services – all backed by enterprise-grade security.

Mastercard Move‘s integration into Ericsson’s Fintech Platform aims to accelerate the adoption of digital payments and expand participation in the digital economy. The global rollout will begin in the Middle East and Africa, where demand for mobile money, remittances and interoperable payment services is particularly strong.

Related link: Ericsson Mobile Financial Services

Microsoft and Ericsson bring enterprise-grade 5G laptop management to Windows 11

Posted in Commentary with tags on February 17, 2026 by itnerd

Ericsson has announced a major joint Microsoft-Ericsson development in enterprise mobility – the integration of advanced 5G capabilities directly into Windows 11. The transformative results mean enterprises worldwide – and their workforces – stand to benefit from secure, policy-driven laptop connectivity, simplifying how IT departments manage, protect and scale mobile PC fleets.

The joint solution combines Microsoft Intune device management with Ericsson Enterprise 5G Connect (formerly Ericsson Enterprise Virtual Cellular Network – EVCN) – an AI- and cloud-analytics-powered platform that continuously monitors network quality and automatically adjusts connectivity for best performance and security.

The embedding of AI-based 5G management into Windows 11 enables IT teams to automate how devices connect, seamlessly switch between communications service providers’ (CSPs) networks, and apply in-house enterprise policies.

Through Microsoft Intune and Ericsson Enterprise 5G Connect, IT teams can automatically enforce secure connectivity profiles and enterprise policies across every 5G-connected device, minimizing manual setup while ensuring consistent, compliant user experiences everywhere employees work.

Such automation capabilities remove long-standing challenges in adopting cellular-connected laptops – minimizing manual setup and ensuring consistent user experience across locations and service providers.  The new capabilities also reduce IT overheads and provide enterprises with a predictable, secure pathway to tap modern mobility capabilities – powered by the most secure and cloud‑integrated version of Windows.

Building on Microsoft and Ericsson’s long-standing collaboration to bring managed 5G connectivity to the enterprise workspace, today’s announcement follows several successful multi-market pilots. In collaboration with CSPs and other global partners, Microsoft and Ericsson will deliver enterprise 5G bundles, starting with Surface Copilot+ PCs, Microsoft 365 and Intune, Ericsson Enterprise 5G Connect.

In addition to demonstrating solution capabilities, Microsoft and Ericsson will give attendees at MWC Barcelona 2026 – the world’s largest mobile connectivity expo – exclusive insights to future solution capabilities that are set to become part of the solution.

Experts will showcase the joint solution and its new features: to remotely set network policies for 5G as priority; the automatic switching of eSIMs; and the local AI agent running on a Surface 5G laptop to make intelligent, context-aware decisions in real time. This will show connectivity performance is optimized to ensure consistently smooth, reliable performance for high-value business workflows.

The joint solution is now available to enterprises in key markets: in the United States with T-Mobile; in Sweden with Telenor; in Singapore with Singtel; and in Japan with SoftBank Corp. Similar launches will follow during 2026 in other markets, including in Spain with MasOrange; in Germany with O2 Telefónica Germany; and in Finland with Elisa.

Related link: Ericsson Portfolio: Ericsson Enterprise 5G Connect

Ericsson unveils in-vehicle 5G router with industry-first dual-SIM failover and edge AI

Posted in Commentary with tags on February 12, 2026 by itnerd

Ericsson is addressing the growing need for resilient, intelligent connectivity in mobile environments with the new Ericsson Cradlepoint R2400 and extensible RC1250 modem. Designed for vehicles and mobile field teams, this solution combines ultra-fast failover, precise location services, and powerful edge computing to help organizations operate safely, efficiently, and with confidence.

Whether it’s first responders coordinating life-saving missions, transit operators keeping passengers connected and on schedule, or private fleets optimizing routes and conducting predictive maintenance, the R2400 delivers the reliability and performance these sectors demand. Compatible with public safety networks and new network slicing services, the R2400 leverages the latest in 5G standalone Release 17 technology to support new capabilities across public safety, mass transit, and private fleet networks.

Key highlights include:

  • Fast carrier failover: Industry-first Dual‑SIM / Dual Standby (DSDS) on a single modem enables carrier switchover roughly 10× faster than previous approaches keeping voice, video, and data flowing during critical missions and transit routes.
  • Centimetre‑level location accuracy: Real‑Time Kinematics (RTK) combined with dead‑reckoning improves positioning from 1–3 metres to ~1 cm, enabling lane‑level vehicle identification and precise real-time tracking of personnel, assets, and drones.
  • Multi-link resiliency: Support for up to five simultaneous cellular plus multiple low‑Earth‑orbit (LEO) satellite connections maximizes throughput and availability, even in rural or low‑coverage areas.
  • High‑performance in‑vehicle Wi‑Fi: Embedded 4×4 software defined Wi‑Fi 7 access point delivers approximately 2-4× faster Wi‑Fi speeds for passenger and operational communications across mass transit and public safety.

As first responders and mass-transit agencies adopt AI, real-time monitoring, and autonomous vehicles/drones, reliable, scalable in-vehicle connectivity is becoming critical. According to Verizon’s Frontline Study 2025, 46 per cent of first responders in the U.S. expect daily AI use within five years, and 48 per cent expect daily drone use. The National Academies Autonomous Transit Survey (2024) found that 84 per cent of U.S. transit agencies plan to use or evaluate autonomous buses within three to five years. Paired with the extensible RC1250 modem, the R2400 delivers pay-as-you-grow WAN capacity for applications such as live video streaming, while providing on-board local AI inferencing.

Key improvements over prior generations of products include:

  • Expanded edge compute: 2.5x more on‑device compute to support local AI inferencing, computer vision, and to support enhanced performance for containerized applications—accelerating actionable insights on scene.
  • Faster security processing: 2x more throughput to support NetCloud SASE’s zero-trust security and SD-WAN services to provide a highly secure and optimized WAN network across fleets, sites, and critical assets.
  • Future‑proof modularity: Unique extensible architecture allows organizations to add or upgrade 5G modems as carrier technology evolves, without replacing the router.
  • AI-assisted centralized management and orchestration: In addition to providing centralized visibility to every vehicle and its location, NetCloud offers the industry’s first agentic AI virtual expert optimized for enterprise 5G networking to help improve the productivity of lean IT teams. AIOps dashboards help pinpoint anomalies before impacting service.

The Ericsson Cradlepoint R2400 router and RC1250 captive modem accessory will be available in Q2 2026. For more information, visit the website.

Ericsson 4.5 GHz Massive MIMO AIR 3255 radios operational in DOCOMO’s 5G network

Posted in Commentary with tags on December 18, 2025 by itnerd

Ericsson AIR 3255 Massive MIMO antenna-integrated radios are operating live in Japanese communications service provider (CSP) NTT DOCOMO, INC’s.(“DOCOMO”) 5G network. Covering the 4.5 GHz band, the new radios will help to meet current and future 5G network traffic needs in areas with high traffic congestion and demand.

Live AIR 3255 network operations began in December 2025 to help DOCOMO deliver the high‑quality network experience its customers expect.

Powered by the latest Ericsson Silicon, the AIR 3255 Massive MIMO radio delivers 25 percent lower energy use, and 20 percent reduction in embodied CO2 footprint, compared to the previous generation.  

At just 13kg, the unit is 20 percent lighter than the previous generation, further easing deployment in high-traffic locations. Customer network connectivity experiences will also be enhanced by advanced unit features such as multi-user MIMO – which delivers throughput regardless of network congestion.

The Ericsson AIR 3255 will also enable spectrum to be used more efficiently as data traffic grows. Working with DOCOMO’s current 3.7 GHz-band Massive MIMO 5G radios, it will also make the network more flexible and reliable.

Ericsson Mobility Report: differentiated connectivity services gaining momentum

Posted in Commentary with tags on November 20, 2025 by itnerd

5G Standalone (5G SA) deployments have triggered a notable 2025 growth in the number of communications service providers (CSPs) offering differentiated connectivity commercial models based on 5G SA Network Slicing – where CSPs guarantee quality of service for customer use cases through the allocation of slices of the network. The statistic is part of in-depth reporting, analysis and forecasting in the November 2025 Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) Mobility Report (EMR).

More than 90 CSPs have now launched/soft-launched 5G Standalone (5G SA) networks – an increase of about 30 CSPs from the same period last year and 20 from the June 2025 EMR report.

EMR researchers identified 118 cases – across 56 CSPs – where network slicing is used to provide differentiated connectivity services.

Of the 118 cases – 65 have moved beyond proof of concept and into commercial services, across 33 CSPs. These are either subscription services or add-on packages for consumer or enterprise customers.

Twenty-one of the 65 commercial offerings – almost one third – were launched during 2025 alone.

The November 2025 EMR covers a new forecast timeframe, from 2025 through the end of 2031.

The new reporting EMR period also covers the first expected deployments of commercial 6G. Based on previous mobile generation cycles’ subscriptions uptake, EMR researchers expect the first commercial launches to be driven by leading service providers in front-runner markets – such as the U.S., Japan, South Korea, China, India, and some Gulf Cooperation Council countries.

Global 6G subscriptions are forecast to reach 180 million by the end of 2031, not including the early uptake of AI-enabled Internet of Things devices. The subscription uptake number could increase significantly if 6G launches earlier than previous cycles indicate.

Commercial 6G is expected to launch about a year later in Europe, compared to other countries, than was the case for 5G, primarily due comparably later deployments of 5G SA

As an ongoing major 5G use case, enhanced mobile broadband is forecast to top 6.4 billion 5G subscriptions by the end of 2031, comprising about two-thirds of all mobile subscriptions at the time. Some 4.1 billion of these subscriptions – about 65 percent – are forecast to be 5G SA.

In 2025 alone, 5G subscriptions are expected to top 2.9 billion by the end of the year – equating to about one third of all current mobile subscriptions – an increase of some 600 million subscriptions year-on-year.

In geographical coverage terms, 2025 saw an increase of 400 million people worldwide being able to access 5G. About 50 percent of the global population beyond mainland China is expected to have 5G coverage by the end of 2025.

Mobile network data traffic grew 20 percent between the third quarter of 2024 and the corresponding period in 2025 – a slightly larger than expected increase, driven by mainland China and India. Continued growth is forecast at an annual average of 16 percent through 2031.

5G networks are expected to manage 43 percent of all mobile data by the close of 2025 – up from 34 percent for the corresponding period last year. EMR experts forecast this to increase to 83 percent in 2031.

Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) broadband continues to grow as a 5G use case. The November 2025 EMR forecasts that about 1.4 billion people globally are expected to access FWA broadband by the end of 2031 – 90 percent via 5G.

EMR researchers have identified 159 providers that currently offer FWA services via 5G – amounting to approximately 65 percent of all FWA service providers. The number of service providers offering speed-based tariffs – a common monetization model for fixed broadband via fiber or cable – increased from 43 percent to 54 percent since the November 2024 EMR.

The 36-page November 2025 EMR includes three co-written use-case articles:

  • Singtel: 5G SA providing tailored experiences
  • Softbank: modernizing enterprise IT with 5G
  • SailGP: enhancing operations and viewer experiences with 5G

Ericsson will host related Ericsson Mobility Report online seminars at 09.00 (CET) and at 18.00 (CET) today, Thursday  November 20 . To join please register via this link.

Read the full November 2025 Ericsson Mobility Report via this link.

Based on unique Ericsson and partner network insights, the Ericsson Mobility Report has been the key industry reference for network data, performance, statistics, and forecasts since its launch in 2011.

Ericsson and Vodafone announce major five-year programmable networks partnership

Posted in Commentary with tags on October 14, 2025 by itnerd

Ericsson and Vodafone, one of the world’s leading telecommunications companies, have announced a five-year strategic partnership to modernize Vodafone’s network footprint using Ericsson’s high-performing programmable network solutions across several key markets.

Ericsson will be Vodafone’s sole RAN vendor in Ireland, Netherlands, and Portugal, as well as a major vendor in Germany, Romania, and Egypt. This move further deepens the long-standing, strategic relationship between the two companies.

The modernization of Vodafone’s RAN infrastructure and management will lay the foundation for widespread deployment of 5G Standalone, enabling Vodafone to offer differentiated connectivity solutions with guaranteed, performance-based characteristics for their consumer and enterprise customers.

Under the partnership, Vodafone will deploy Ericsson’s state-of-the-art and Open RAN-compatible Massive MIMO radios and RAN Compute solutions, as well as 5G Advanced RAN software capabilities extensively across their networks in these markets.

The pan-European deal introduces Ericsson Intelligent Automation Platform and a number of AI-powered rApps which will be deployed market-by-market to deliver automated RAN optimization, energy efficiency, and management of the multi-vendor network.

Germany will be the first market to deploy the platform and rApps for Ericsson and multi-vendor RAN management, with work beginning in Q4 2025. The comprehensive AI and network evolution partnership will elevate Vodafone’s infrastructure to world-class standards, taking the first steps towards autonomous networks and ensuring their networks are at the forefront of technological advancement and capable of meeting future demands.

Vodafone will further enhance its network infrastructure by using Ericsson 5G Advanced RAN software solutions that employ AI and automation to enable intelligent, real-time network management, improve operational and energy efficiency, deliver superior device and network performance, and create opportunities for new revenue streams through differentiated connectivity services.

By embracing high-performing programmable network architectures, this partnership sets the stage for accelerated innovation and the development of new use cases across Vodafone’s markets. This forward-looking approach will ensure Vodafone’s network infrastructure is fit for the future and adaptable to emerging technologies, solidifying the company’s position as a leader in the global telecommunications landscape.

Airbus and Ericsson accelerate industrial digitalization with private 5G deployment at Hamburg and Toulouse plants 

Posted in Commentary with tags on October 6, 2025 by itnerd

Airbus and Ericsson have successfully deployed a private 5G solution at the Airbus production site in Hamburg, Germany, with another deployment underway in Toulouse, France. This initiative forms part of Airbus’ ambitious digitalization strategy, aimed at strengthening manufacturing automation, traceability, and operational efficiency, while meeting the sector’s strictest safety and security standards.

The partnership between Ericsson and Airbus leverages Ericsson Private 5G, recognized for its reliability, security, and high performance. The solution’s built-in infrastructure automation enabled rapid deployment across Airbus’ operations, significantly shortening implementation timelines compared to traditional setups. This automation allowed Airbus to scale connectivity quickly and securely across multiple sites. Close collaboration with the Ericsson product team ensured seamless integration, with the solution tailored to Airbus’ IT-tooling and cybersecurity requirements. The design’s modular architecture and API-driven interfaces simplified onboarding into Airbus’s existing systems, accelerating time-to-value and reinforcing robust security controls.

With a fully operational private 5G network now live in Hamburg and deployment at Toulouse underway (to be completed by 2026), this rollout is part of a broader roadmap to extend private 5G across Airbus’ strategic sites in Europe — including further locations in Spain, the United Kingdom, and internationally, with projects in the United States and Canada pending.

This effort reflects Airbus’ commitment to standardizing digital operations and scaling innovation across its global footprint.

Ericsson Private 5G forms the backbone of Airbus’ strategic transformation projects, enabling high-value industrial use cases such as Internet of Things (IoT) integration, intelligent management of critical equipment, real-time quality control, and collaborative robotics. With seamless, full-site coverage with private 5G, machines and operators on the production floor gain true mobility, boosting productivity, process agility, and end-to-end industrial control, all of which are key to realizing the full potential of Industry 4.0.

This new phase underscores Airbus and Ericsson’s commitment to the future of industrial connectivity, featuring advanced 5G Standalone (SA) technology and next-generation deployment models, which are also poised to accelerate 5G usage in office environments. Additionally, joint R&D efforts focus on connected cabins, 6G, and nonterrestrial networks (NTN), enhancing the connectivity ecosystem for aerospace and smart manufacturing applications.

Through this strategic partnership, Airbus and Ericsson are accelerating the digital transformation of the aerospace industry, laying the foundation for the next generation of smart factories — fully connected, scalable, and sharply focused on innovation across Europe and the world.

Ericsson Wireless WAN solution enables increased productivity and improved workflow for Coffrages Synergy Formwork

Posted in Commentary with tags on October 1, 2025 by itnerd

Ericsson’s enterprise wireless solutions are supporting Coffrages Synergy Formwork as the company focuses on being a leader in innovation in the construction industry, while improving productivity and processes.

Through the deployment of a reliable Ericsson wireless wide area network (WAN), Synergy’s employees are better equipped to do their work, with stable access to applications and devices they need – even when they’re on a high floor of a project site.

Coffrages Synergy is a Montreal-based construction company that specializes in formwork and high-rise towers. The organization has more than 1,500 employees working on jobsites across Québec and Ontario, including Ottawa, Gatineau, Québec City, Montreal and now Halifax, N.S.

Reliable internet connectivity is imperative on construction sites in order to enable employees’ access to important applications and information. However, the vastness of job sites was impacting the ability of Synergy’s workers to stay connected. Getting wires to a new build job site is also a complex process that is subject to onsite issues and statuses. Wired networks in particular posed difficulties for Synergy, as crews frequently move between different floors during their projects.

Extending wired networks across multiple floors of high-rise projects proved not only to be time-consuming and disruptive to ongoing construction, but also very costly and highly inefficient.

To solve this issue, the company needed a wireless network that could effectively support all requirements. Synergy created portable office units called Sky Shacks that can move from floor to floor of a high-rise under construction. The units are equipped with devices including tablets, laptops and printers, so employees can easily access what they need to work without having to descend to the ground floor. Synergy selected Ericsson Cradlepoint R2100 5G and S700 4G routers to create a reliable Wi-Fi network that connects these devices and extends internet access across the floors of the high-rise project. So far, the company has rolled out 67 Sky Shacks across their project sites delivering reliable connectivity to even the highest floors.

As employees move to work on a different floor of a high-rise project, the Sky Shack follows, providing a stable network to connect to cloud applications and more.

Synergy’s workflow has significantly improved since implementing the wireless WAN solution:

  • As Sky Shacks can be quickly relocated to new floors without the need for time-consuming wired installations, the organization has seen a considerable reduction in downtime
  • Improved connectivity has in turn increased overall productivity with seamless access to cloud-based construction software, plans, and communication tools driving + 4.2 TB of cellular data per month
  • Overall, the new efficiencies gained have translated into substantial cost savings, eliminating expenses associated with wired infrastructure and on-site troubleshooting

New agentic AI to boost scalability and efficiency in Ericsson’s enterprise wireless portfolio

Posted in Commentary with tags on September 11, 2025 by itnerd

Ericsson has unveiled the integration of agentic AI into its NetCloud platform, representing a major leap forward in enterprise 5G networking. As NetCloud evolves to effortlessly manage both Wireless WAN and private 5G solutions, Ericsson is also launching the industry’s first enterprise 5G agentic AI virtual expert that will transform how businesses deploy, optimize and manage their 5G networks.

The integration of agentic AI advances Ericsson’s generative AI-based NetCloud Assistant (ANA) from a user-prompt driven tool into a strategic partner empowered by a team of AI agents. By interpreting high-level intents, ANA will be able to handle complex workflows, execute administrator decisions and learn in real time. This reduces burdens for lean IT and Operational Technology (OT) teams while boosting network reliability and user experience. 

Key AI features include:

  • Agentic organizational hierarchy: ANA will be supported by multiple orchestrator and functional AI agents capable of planning and executing (with administrator direction). Orchestrator agents will be deployed in phases, starting with a troubleshooting agent planned in Q4 2025, followed by configuration, deployment, and policy agents planned in 2026. These orchestrators will connect with task, process, knowledge, and decision agents within an integrated agentic framework.
  • Automated troubleshooting: ANA’s troubleshooting orchestrator will include automated workflows that address the top issues identified by Ericsson support teams, partners, and customers, such as offline devices and poor signal quality. Planned to launch in Q4 2025, this feature is expected to reduce downtime and customer support cases by over 20 per cent. 
  • Multi-modal content generation: ANA can now generate dynamic graphs to visually represent trends and complex query results involving multiple data points.
  • Explainable AI: ANA displays real-time process feedback, revealing steps taken by AI agents in order to enhance transparency and trust.
  • Expanded AIOps Insights: NetCloud AIOps will be expanded to provide isolation and correlation of fault, performance, configuration, and accounting anomalies for Wireless WAN and NetCloud SASE. For Ericsson Private 5G, NetCloud is expected to provide service health analytics including KPI monitoring and user equipment connectivity diagnostics. Planned availability is Q4 2025.

Planned to be available Q4 2025, the integration of Ericsson Private 5G into the NetCloud platform brings powerful advantages to enterprise 5G customers, including access to AI features, real-time feature availability, simplified lifecycle management, greater agility across multisite deployments and better administrator controls with distinct user roles and permissions. NetCloud acts as a foundation for future agentic AI features focused on removing friction and adding value for the enterprise. These innovations directly address critical adoption barriers as more industrial enterprises leverage private 5G for business-critical connectivity. With this integration, Ericsson is empowering businesses to overcome these challenges and unlock the full potential of 5G in IT and OT environments.

Ericsson teams with Sunswift Racing to enhance race experience with 5G and satellite Intelligent Bonding

Posted in Commentary with tags on August 1, 2025 by itnerd

Ericsson has announced it is providing Sunswift Racing with major improvements in Wireless WAN communications using Ericsson’s Intelligent Link Bonding. This capability combines multiple WAN links — cellular, satellite, or wired — into a single, logical connection and leverages unique traffic steering and cellular intelligence features to make decisions about how traffic is distributed. The Sunswift racing team is using Ericsson enterprise wireless solutions to provide uninterrupted connectivity between the solar race cars, support vehicles and Sunswift’s headquarters in Sydney. 

Sunswift Racing is a team of innovators at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Australia, working to redefine the future of sustainable transport through the research and development of world class prototype electric cars. The team is best known for its Guinness World Record-holding success in previous World Solar Challenge events and will be competing at this year’s week-long event from Darwin to Adelaide, Australia in August.  

The World Solar Challenge competitors rely on race and vehicle performance data to make strategic decisions during the week-long event. With real-time access to data enabled with Ericsson wireless connectivity solutions, the Sunswift team will be collecting and using live telemetry data during the race. This includes live data about the solar car’s battery, electric motor, solar panel, and vehicle speedometer. Reliable connectivity will also be vital for live video, IP Push-to-Talk communication for status reporting, real-time race video streaming for the team’s YouTube channel, and reliable internet access. 

Ericsson Cradlepoint ruggedized R1900 routers connected to 5G and satellite links are managed with Ericsson NetCloud to provide multi-carrier connectivity back to Sunswift headquarters. Ericsson’s Intelligent Link Bonding will be used to optimize the bandwidth of all available WAN links to deliver consistent performance and always-on connectivity over cellular and satellite-supporting uninterrupted live telemetry data sharing and video streaming.      

Ericsson Intelligent Link Bonding enhances resiliency and performance with the following features: 

  • Flow duplication for high resiliency – Duplicates application traffic flows across two WAN links simultaneously to provide high availability.
  • Flow balancing for link optimization and cost savings – Distributes traffic flows across multiple links based on predefined weights or percentages to enhance performance and cost efficiency.  
  • Bandwidth aggregation for increased bandwidth – Bandwidth aggregation combines two or more WAN connections to increase the overall bandwidth available for large data transfers. This can significantly boost performance for large file uploads or real-time video uploads.  

Each of these intelligent bonding features can be enabled on an Ericsson Cradlepoint router with SD-WAN. Additional features such as application-based traffic steering, forward error correction, and rich AI insights can also be leveraged.