The IT Nerd

ESET researchers discovered MythicRatatoskr — a previously unknown Go-based backdoor hiding its C&C server inside the Yggdrasil mesh network — that paved the way for a destructive attack against a Ukrainian grain firm. Russia-aligned APT group UAC-0099 gained initial access and handed it off to another Russia-aligned group, Sandworm, which then conducted a data-wiping attack.

The handover documented in the released report is not an isolated phenomenon: Earlier in 2025, ESET Research uncovered that Russia-aligned Gamaredon collaborated with Turla, another Russia-aligned threat actor. Sandworm is attributed to GRU Unit 74455, and in conjunction with known targeting, ESET assesses that UAC-0099 is also aligned with Russian interests. Furthermore, ESET assesses that UAC-0099 can act as an initial access group for Sandworm.

Yggdrasil is a decentralized mesh network that implements an experimental routing scheme in which the IPv6 communication between the nodes is end-to-end protected. “The word ‘Yggdrasil’ originates in Norse mythology, where it refers to a sacred tree connecting the different realms of the cosmos. Within that tree lives a squirrel named Ratatoskr that carries messages between the tree’s top and its roots. Given the backdoor’s role as a messenger scurrying through the Yggdrasil network, we decided to name the backdoor MythicRatatoskr,” explains ESET researcher Peter Strýček, who co-discovered MythicRatatoskr along with Cherepanov.

The post-compromise execution chain relied on known malware already attributed to UAC-0099 — namely the MATCHBOIL downloader and the MATCHWOK backdoor — leading ESET to attribute this stage of the attack to UAC-0099 with high confidence. ESET researchers attribute the data-wiping activity observed two months later to Sandworm (also with high confidence, based on the TTPs involved). According to ESET telemetry, the initial access gained by UAC-0099 was later used in an activity that culminated in the destructive Sandworm operation.

MythicRatatoskr supports standard backdoor functionality, including command execution, filesystem navigation, file transfer, screenshot capture, and proxying. The backdoor was probably used to deploy a SOCKS5 server to route connections through the compromised network.

UAC-0099 is a cyberespionage group targeting governmental organizations, financial institutions, and media, all in Ukraine. Based on the targeting, ESET believes with medium confidence that the group is aligned with Russian interests.  Sandworm is a Russia-aligned threat group that performs destructive attacks.

ESET Research presented its findings about MythicRatatoskr at LABScon on September 18, 2026, and at the Virus Bulletin conference on October 16, 2026.

For more technical details, check out the ESET Research blogpost “MythicRatatoskr: An Yggdrasil-enabled backdoor deployed in a UAC 0099-Sandworm collaboration” on WeLiveSecurity.com.

ESET Research’s ongoing monitoring of FamousSparrow discovered that the China-aligned APT group had developed a new backdoor, SparroWocky, and has been deploying it to several countries in Latin America since at least August 2025. In what was probably China’s reaction to the U.S.showing increased interest in Latin America, FamousSparrow increased its extensive targeting of governmental organizations there. ESET researchers chose to name the backdoor SparroWocky because the first samples collected all contained the first stanza of “Jabberwocky,” a nonsense poem by English author, poet, and mathematician Lewis Carroll (author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland).

SparroWocky is a modular C++ backdoor. Its architecture and the techniques used by its authors indicate strong knowledge of anti-analysis tricks and Windows internals. With the switch to SparroWocky, FamousSparrow started to incorporate code from open-source projects directly into its malware.  “Fortunately, while advanced, SparroWocky’s inner workings are much less arcane than a ‘gyre and gimble in the wabe,’ so a ‘through and through [of] the vorpal blade’ allowed us to bring you a detailed analysis of the backdoor,” quotes ESET researcher Alexandre Côté Cyr from the world-famous poem. Côté Cyr made the latest discovery during his investigation of the China-aligned group.

This cyberespionage trend against high-profile targets in Latin America started no later than in July 2025 and has continued with the more recent introduction of SparroWocky. In fact, from mid-2025 and into 2026, 90% of the group’s targets registered in ESET telemetry have been located in the region. “We have seen the new backdoor deployed against governmental entities in Argentina, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. This represents a rare occurrence among the China-aligned APT groups that ESET tracks, which are generally observed throughout various world regions within such an extended time frame,” says Côté Cyr.

ESET believes that this undivided focus is not coincidental and likely reflects China’s reaction to various recent U.S.initiatives in the region. Indeed, U.S. President Donald Trump’s second term has brought about an aggressive reaffirmation of U.S. interests in Latin America, which threatens various long-term investments that China has cultivated throughout the continent over the last decade, in domains such as energy, mining, and telecommunications. FamousSparrow’s activities are probably intended to help China better monitor and anticipate the reaction of local governments to current U.S. pressures. In some cases, certain elements clearly seem to confirm this hypothesis. For instance, one of the Panamanian entities targeted is directly involved in the ongoing commercial dispute regarding two major ports located in the canal area, which were, until recently, operated by a China-based company. 

Some of SparroWocky’s notable features include the ability to launch arbitrary files, to act as a TCP proxy, and to execute commands. The backdoor also collects general information about the compromised machine, such as the computer name, username, domain name, Windows version, and IP addresses of its network interfaces. SparroWocky is also capable of exfiltrating files and taking screenshots periodically. Exfiltrated information is encrypted using RC4 and sent over the TLS protocol. Depending on its configuration, SparroWocky can establish persistence either by creating a dedicated service or an entry in a registry Run key. 

The malware employs a few techniques to complicate its analysis and to evade security software that may be in place.The backdoor manipulates low-level structures in memory, and patches code at runtime in order to avoid detection.FamousSparrow still uses open-source offensive tooling for its own malicious ends. Previously, these tools were mainly used side by side with the group’s backdoor. With SparroWocky, ESET researchers observe that it also has the development capabilities to integrate open-source code directly into its own custom backdoor. SparroWocky has the capability to load and execute Beacon Object Files, a special type of executable file supported by many red-teaming and penetration-testing tools.

FamousSparrow is a China-aligned cyberespionage group believed to have been active since at least 2019. ESET Research first publicly documented the group in a blogpost from September 2021, when it exploited the ProxyLogonvulnerability. The group was initially known for targeting hotels around the world but has also targeted governments, international organizations, trade groups, engineering companies, and law firms. 

ESET attributes the latest campaign and the SparroWocky backdoor to FamousSparrow with high confidence, since in some of the first attacks involving this backdoor, SparroWocky was deployed by the FamousSparrow-exclusive SparrowDoor. Moreover, not only does the victimology match FamousSparrow’s previous targeting, but ESET also recorded attempts to deploy SparroWocky at many of the same organizations that had previously been targeted with SparrowDoor. FamousSparrow is the only known user of the SparrowDoor backdoor. 

For a more details and technical analysis of SparroWocky, check out the ESET Research blog post “Beware the SparroWock: The backdoor that bites, the commands that catch” on WeLiveSecurity.com.

ESET Research has released its H1 2026 Threat Report, which summarizes threat landscape trends seen in ESET telemetry, as well as insights from ESET threat detection and research experts, from December 2025 through May 2026. The first half of 2026 shows how attackers continue to improve the efficiency and scalability of their operations. Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing a growing role in this development. ESET analyzed nearly 900,000 AI skills – small functional components used by AI agents – and identified tens of thousands of suspicious and thousands of outright malicious instances. AI is also beginning to appear within malware itself: ESET researchers have identified PromptSpy, the first known Android malware to use generative AI in its execution flow.

AI skills are small add-ons or sets of instructions that instruct an AI agent how to perform a specific task, including which services or tools to use and what data to access. The published report covers details about malicious AI skills using third-party hacking tools such as Mimikatz or Impacket and a suspicious self-modifying skills designed to create a persistence mechanism (JSON file) and a tool for self-modification (Python code). This can lead to unpredictable behavior of the agent or its abuse by an attacker. And finally, there are benign but problematic skills such as those marketed as security scanners, which create a false sense of security but implement only basic scanning techniques – like AV tools from the 1990s – or simply query the reputation of hashes, URLs, and IP addresses on VirusTotal.

Meanwhile, ClickFix – a social engineering technique leveraging fake error messages – has expanded beyond fake CAPTCHA prompts into AI-themed help pages, browser extensions, and cloud authentication scenarios. AI-fix shows how adversaries exploit trust in generative AI, embedding ClickFix compromise chains into AI-generated troubleshooting content to nonexistent issues on pages that abuse domains of AI powerhouses. ConsentFix highlights an evolution toward token theft, combining ClickFix-style interaction with OAuth authorization abuse to hijack cloud accounts without the need to steal credentials, often bypassing MFA and relying entirely on legitimate login workflows. ESET detections of this vector more than doubled between H2 2025 and H1 2026, indicating sustained activity and adaptation.

Phishing campaigns are also evolving in response to user behavior. QR code phishing – also known as quishing – has reached record levels in ESET telemetry, with attackers embedding malicious links in QR codes to bypass inspection and shift user interaction to mobile devices while exploiting the implicit trust many people place in the barcodes with square patterns. Approximately 11% of all detected phishing emails in H1 2026 utilized QR codes, and QR code phishing threats were most prevalent in the US (19% of detections), Spain (17%), and Mexico (6%).

Last but not least, ransomware activity showed no signs of slowing down, with the continued use of EDR killers – tools designed to disable security software during attacks. ESET Research has documented over 100 different EDR killers used in the wild, with new variants appearing regularly. The number of ransomware attacks continued to grow in H1 2026, but the number of victims willing to pay reached all-time lows. Three recent industry reports confirmed this downward trend, reporting a 14–28% share of paying victims.

For more information, check out the ESET Threat Report H1 2026 on WeLiveSecurity.com. 

ESET Research released its latest report on Gamaredon, a Russia-aligned threat actor, and its activity during 2025. The paper analyzes new tools added to its arsenal, significant shifts in how it protects its network infrastructure, and its growing use of legitimate third-party services to hide both command and control (C&C) information and stolen data. Throughout 2025, Gamaredon stayed highly active and remained focused solely on Ukraine. The group’s ultimate goal continues to be the exfiltration of sensitive information and other critical data that could be exploited to support Russian interests in the ongoing war in Ukraine. Gamaredon’s activities appear to be closely aligned with Russia’s geopolitical objectives, targeting Ukrainian governmental and military institutions to gain an intelligence advantage. 

In early 2025, Gamaredon collaborated with Turla, another Russia-aligned threat actor. This cooperation underscores the potential for coordinated cyberespionage campaigns among Russia-aligned groups, likely to amplify their operational impact. In the past, Gamaredon also collaborated with a threat actor that ESET discovered and named InvisiMole. More broadly, 2025 also provided another example of cooperation and task sharing among Russia-aligned actors: ESET observed the Russia-aligned UAC-0099 group conducting initial access operations and subsequently transferring validated targets to Sandworm for follow-up activity. 

In the second half of the year, Gamaredon shifted more toward larger and more frequent spear phishing campaigns. What changed most noticeably was the tempo. The group was much more active in the second half of the year, when campaigns became both more frequent and larger in scale. Beyond spear phishing, Gamaredon also continued using custom weaponizers for lateral movement. These tools weaponize USB drives, mapped network drives, and even software installers, helping the group spread within or across organizations after the initial compromise.

Gamaredon introduced six new tools in 2025, all written in PowerShell: PteroDee, PteroCache, PteroDum, PteroOdd, PteroPaste, and PteroEffigy. The standout among the new tools is PteroPaste, which is considerably more complex than the others. It combines a downloader, a USB weaponizer, and a runner component used for persistence and orchestration. Additionally, it resurrected an old VBScript weaponizer – PteroSetup, which first appeared in 2021.

Additionally, Gamaredon operators sought new ways to protect their network infrastructure, with their C&C servers now hidden behind various third-party services such as tunnels, workers, DDNS (dynamic DNS), and PaaS (platform as a service).

One of the most important aspects of Gamaredon’s 2025 operations was its heavy use of so-called dead-drop services. The term comes from traditional espionage – instead of meeting directly, one operative leaves information in a public or hidden location and another retrieves it later. Online, the principle is similar. Rather than embedding the real malicious server directly in malware, operators place that information on a legitimate website or platform, and the malware retrieves it from there. This means that the malware may first contact a public page on a legitimate service, read a hidden or staged value from it, and only then connect to the actual C&C server. In 2025, Gamaredon abused numerous services in this way: Telegram channels, Dropbox, social networks DEV Community, Mastodon, and others.

The other major infrastructure shift ESET observed was on the data-exfiltration side. Gamaredon upgraded two of its flagship file stealers, PteroPSDoor and PteroVDoor, to upload stolen files to S3-compatible cloud storage services – providers that support the Amazon S3 API ((Wasabi, Tebi, and Intercolo), allowing the same tools and code to work across different storage vendors.  At the same time, PteroBox continued to upload files to Dropbox.

Uploading stolen files to cloud storage reduces the need for Gamaredon to maintain its own infrastructure for receiving large amounts of stolen data. It also helps malicious traffic blend in with access to legitimate storage providers. Essentially, Gamaredon increasingly uses third-party services not only to hide where instructions come from, but also to hide where stolen data goes.

For more details about Gamaredon and its activity in 2025, check out the ESET Research blogpost and white paper “Gamaredon in 2025: Leveraging tunnels, workers, dead drops, and new alliances,” on WeLiveSecurity.com.

ESET researchers have discovered two as-yet undocumented Windows variants (WIN_DRV and WIN_PLUS) of SprySOCKS, a previously Linux-only backdoor reportedly used by FishMonger, the group believed to be operated by a Chinese contractor named I-SOON. While ESET initially discovered the malware samples on VirusTotal uploaded in April 2024, ESET telemetry shows real activity between 2023 and 2024, with several victims in Honduras, Taiwan, Thailand, and Pakistan, targeting mostly government organizations.

The WIN_DRV variant includes support for over 30 Command and Control (C&C) commands, covering various functionalities, including system information collection and process enumeration as well as service management and file management functions, such as listing, creating, deleting, and transferring files.

In addition to the core backdoor functionality, FishMonger’s backdoor weaponizes a kernel driver for advanced stealth. SprySOCKS utilizes this driver to hide the malware’s network connections, processes, files, and registry keys and enables TCP traffic diversion, allowing the malware operators to send commands to the backdoor through a random TCP port on the victim’s device without exposing the backdoor’s real listening port in the network traffic.

Based on ESET telemetry, there are limited indications that some SprySOCKS attack scenarios could involve a UEFI bootkit component, possibly exploiting CVE 2023 24932.

FishMonger — believed to be operated by a Chinese contractor named I-SOON — is a cyberespionage group that falls under the Winnti Group umbrella and is most likely operating out of China, from the city of Chengdu. It is also known as Earth Lusca, TAG-22, Aquatic Panda, or Red Dev 10. ESET Research published an analysis of FishMonger in early 2020 when it heavily targeted universities in Hong Kong during the civic protests that started in June 2019. The group is also known to operate watering-hole attacks. FishMonger’s toolset includes ShadowPad, Spyder, Cobalt Strike, FunnySwitch, SprySOCKS, and the BIOPASS RAT.

For a more detailed analysis about FishMonger’s latest arsenal, check out the ESET Research blog post “Fishmonger’s arsenal upgraded: SprySOCKS for Windows” on WeLiveSecurity.com.

ESET Research has released its latest APT Activity Report, which highlights activities of select APT groups that were documented by ESET researchers from October 2025 through March 2026. During the monitored time frame, China-aligned threat actors remained highly active worldwide, conducting espionage campaigns shaped in part by geopolitical developments affecting Beijing’s economic and security interests. Following the US military operation in Venezuela and amid continuing instability in the Gulf region, ESET spotted signs that China-aligned groups were being mobilized to improve Beijing’s visibility into maritime, energy, and political developments abroad. North Korea-aligned Andariel attacked a company that appears to be involved in the nuclear power industry.

China-aligned FamousSparrow targeted a Venezuelan governmental entity connected to maritime affairs, likely to monitor the resilience of oil shipments after the US intervention. There, ESET also noticed SteppeDriver, another China-aligned APT group targeting a Syrian governmental network, activity that may reflect both Chinese commercial interest in Syria’s reconstruction projects and security concerns surrounding Uyghur fighters present in that country. China-aligned UNC5221’s SPAWN malware family targeted governmental entities in Cambodia and Panama, as well as an AI and robotics company in South Korea. The latter targeting South Korea aligns with Beijing’s enduring interest in strategic technologies prioritized under the Made in China 2025 industrial development policy.

The war in Iran that began in late February 2026 was the defining event for Iran-aligned activity during this period. Paradoxically, the conflict coincided with a decline in activity from established Iran-aligned APT groups in ESET telemetry, most likely because internet restrictions imposed by the Iranian regime hindered their ability to operate effectively. At the same time, this environment appears to have favored the mobilization of proxy and hacktivist actors targeting Israel, the United States, and other states seen as hostile to Tehran. ESET Research also documented an unusual spike in activity against Israeli targets that it could not confidently link to previously known groups. Two unattributed activity clusters, Rusty Boots and MoKhargosh, demonstrated both espionage capabilities and destructive potential against Israel – including deployment of a bootkit-style wiper while retaining destructive tooling for later use.

ESET Research also found a defense company in the United Arab Emirates being compromised, and Arabic-speaking users being targeted with Android spyware. It was possibly aimed at journalists or open-source intelligence practitioners since the name of attacker’s Telegram channel was likely inspired by Live Universal Awareness Map (Liveuamap), a legitimate, well-known OSINT platform dedicated to mapping military incidents worldwide.

North Korea-aligned threat actors remained active on several fronts. Multiple groups continued targeting developers and the cryptocurrency ecosystem with social engineering schemes that can yield both direct financial gain and opportunities for software supply-chain compromise. ESET also uncovered the reemergence of the Andariel group in attacks against South Korea, where the group deployed TigerRAT and attempted to spread Rook ransomware within an engineering company that appears to manufacture equipment relevant to liquid hydrogen handling and the nuclear power industry – technologies that are obviously of interest to Pyongyang’s ballistic and nuclear ambitions.

Russia-aligned threat actors continued to focus overwhelmingly on Ukraine and entities connected to that country’s defense efforts. Sednit deployed its Covenant and BeardShell implants against Ukrainian military personnel, drone manufacturers, and organizations involved in drone research and development, while also targeting logistics and transportation companies outside Ukraine. Sandworm intensified destructive activity over the winter, deploying several new wipers in Ukraine against governmental and private sector targets. Particularly notable was a December 2025 data destruction incident affecting a Polish energy company, which ESET attributed to Sandworm with medium confidence.

ESET products protect our customers’ systems from the malicious activities described in this released report. Intelligence shared here is based mostly on proprietary ESET telemetry data and has been verified by ESET researchers, who prepare in-depth technical reports and frequent activity updates detailing activities of specific APT groups. These threat intelligence analyses, known as ESET APT Reports, assist organizations tasked with protecting citizens, critical national infrastructure, and high-value assets from criminal and nation-state-directed cyberattacks.

More information about ESET APT Reports, which deliver high-quality, strategic, actionable, and tactical cybersecurity threat intelligence, is available on the ESET Threat Intelligence page.

For more details about the mentioned and other APT groups’ activities, read the full APT Activity Report, “Conflict-informed espionage: Monitoring oil shipments, targeting drone makers,” on WeLiveSecurity.com. 

A new Android scam, CallPhantom, falsely claims to provide access to call logs, SMS records, and WhatsApp call history for any phone number in exchange for payment.

ESET identified and reported 28 separate CallPhantom apps on Google Play, cumulatively downloaded more than 7.3 million times.

Some CallPhantom apps sidestep Google Play’s official billing system, complicating victims’ refund efforts.

ESET researchers have uncovered fraudulent apps on Google Play that claim to provide the call history “for any number.” The offending apps, which ESET named CallPhantom based on their false claims, purport to provide access to call histories, SMS records, and even WhatsApp call logs for any phone number. To unlock this supposed feature, users are asked to pay — but all they get in return is randomly generated data. ESET’s investigation identified 28 such fraudulent apps, cumulatively downloaded more than 7.3 million times. As an App Defense Alliance partner, ESET reported their findings to Google, which removed all of the apps identified in this report from Google Play. 

The CallPhantom apps mainly targeted Android users in India and the broader Asia Pacific region. Many of the apps came with India’s +91 country code preselected, and support UPI, a payment system used primarily in India.

In general, CallPhantom apps have a simple user interface and do not request any intrusive or sensitive permissions — they don’t need to. Coincidentally, they do not contain any functionality capable of retrieving actual call, SMS, or WhatsApp data.

In the CallPhantom apps ESET analyzed, researchers saw three different payment methods used, two of which are in violation of Google Play’s payments policy. Some of the apps relied on subscriptions via Google Play’s official billing system. Others relied on payments via a third party; in some cases, payment card checkout forms were included directly in the CallPhantom apps.

The fees requested for the fake service differ widely across the apps. The apps also appear to offer different subscription packages, such as weekly, monthly, or yearly services, with the highest requested price sitting at US$80. For the lowest “subscription tier,” the average requested price was €5.

In general, subscriptions purchased through the official Google Play billing system can be canceled. For the 28 apps described in this blog post, existing subscriptions were canceled when the apps were removed from Google Play. In some cases, refunds for Google Play purchases are possible.

If the purchase was made outside of Google Play — for example, by entering payment card details inside the app or by paying via third-party services — then Google cannot cancel the subscription or issue a refund, and users have to contact their payment provider.

For a more details about CallPhantom, check out the latest ESET Research blog post, “Fake call logs, real payments: How CallPhantom tricks Android users,” on WeLiveSecurity.com.

ESET researchers have uncovered a multiplatform supply-chain attack by North Korea-aligned APT group ScarCruft, targeting the Yanbian region in China – home to ethnic Koreans and a crossing point for North Korean refugees and defectors. In the attack, probably ongoing since late 2024, ScarCruft compromised Windows and Android components of a video game platform dedicated to Yanbian-themed games, trojanizing them with a backdoor. The backdoor, named BirdCall by ESET, was originally known to target Windows only; the Android version was later discovered as part of this supply-chain attack.  

The Android version of BirdCall, discovered in the latest attack, implements a subset of the commands and capabilities of the Windows backdoor – it collects contacts, SMS messages, call logs, documents, media files, and private keys. It can also take screenshots and record surrounding audio. ESET discovered, based on this investigation, that Android BirdCall has been actively developed over a span of several months and at least seven versions have been deployed.

Since the website compromised in this attack is dedicated to the people of Yanbian and their traditional games, ESET concludes that the primary targets are ethnic Koreans living in Yanbian.  It is probable that the attack was aimed at collecting information on individuals based in (or originating from) the Yanbian region and deemed of interest to the North Korean regime – most likely refugees or defectors.

The gaming platform’s Windows client was compromised through a malicious update leading to the RokRAT backdoor, which deployed the more sophisticated BirdCall backdoor. “Victims downloaded the trojanized games via a web browser from a single page on their devices and likely installed them intentionally. We did not identify any other APK locations or any malicious APKs on the official Google Play store. We were unable to determine when the website was first compromised and the supply-chain attack started. However, based on our analysis of the deployed malware, we estimate that it happened in late 2024,” says ESET researcher Filip Jurčacko, who discovered the latest attack by ScarCruft.

The Windows backdoor was initially discovered in 2021 and attributed to ScarCruft as part of ESET Threat Intelligence Reporting . The original Windows backdoor has a wide range of spying capabilities, including taking screenshots, logging keystrokes and clipboard content, stealing credentials and files, and executing shell commands. For C&C purposes, the backdoor utilizes legitimate cloud storage services, such as Dropbox or pCloud, or compromised websites. 

ScarCruft, also known as APT37 or Reaper, has been operating since at least 2012 and is suspected to be a North Korean espionage group. It primarily focuses on South Korea, but other Asian countries have also been targeted. ScarCruft seems to be interested mainly in government and military organizations, and companies in various industries linked to the interests of North Korea. The group also targets North Korean defectors.

For a more details about BirdCall, check out the latest ESET Research blogpost “A rigged game: ScarCruft compromises gaming platform in a supply-chain attack,”  on WeLiveSecurity.com

ESET Research has discovered a new variant of the NGate malware family that abuses a legitimate Android application called HandyPay, instead of the previously leveraged NFCGate tool. The threat actors took the app, which is used to relay NFC data, and patched it with malicious code that appears to have been AI generated. As with previous iterations of NGate, the malicious code allows the attackers to transfer NFC data from the victim’s payment card to their own device and use them for contactless ATM cash-outs and unauthorized payments. Additionally, the code can capture the victims’ payment card PINs and exfiltrate them to the operators’ C&C server. The primary targets of this are users in Brazil; however, NFC-based attacks are expanding into new regions.

The malicious code used to trojanize HandyPay shows signs of having been produced with the help of GenAI tools. Specifically, the malware logs contain an emoji typical of AI-generated text, suggesting that LLMs were involved in generating or modifying the code, although definitive proof remains elusive. This fits a broader trend in which GenAI lowers the barrier to entry for cybercriminals, enabling threat actors with limited technical skill to produce workable malware.

ESET Research believes that the campaign distributing the trojanized HandyPay began around November 2025 and remains active. It should also be noted that the maliciously patched version of HandyPay has never been available on the official Google Play store. As an App Defense Alliance partner, we shared our findings with Google. ESET also reached out to the HandyPay developers to alert them about the malicious use of their application. 

As the number of NFC threats keeps rising, so too has the ecosystem supporting them become more robust. The first NGate attacks employed the open-source NFCGate tool to facilitate the transfer of NFC data. Since then, several malware-as-a-service (MaaS) offerings with similar functionality have become available for purchase. However, in this campaign the threat actors decided to go with their own solution and maliciously patched an existing app – HandyPay.

The first new NGate sample is distributed through a website that impersonates Rio de Prêmios, a lottery run by the Rio de Janeiro state lottery organization (Loterj). The second NGate sample is distributed via a fake Google Play web page as an app named Proteção Cartão (machine translation: Card Protection). Both sites were hosted on the same domain, strongly implying a single threat actor. The malware abuses the HandyPay service to forward NFC card data to an attacker-controlled device. Apart from relaying NFC data, the malicious code also steals payment card PINs, enabling the threat actor to use the victim’s payment card data to withdraw cash from ATMs.

For a more detailed analysis of the new NGate variant, check out the latest ESET Research blog post, “New NGate variant hides in a trojanized NFC payment app,” on WeLiveSecurity.com. 

ESET today released its 2026 SMB Cyber Readiness Index – North America edition. This new report surveyed hundreds of small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) from across the United States and Canada to uncover new insights into their cyber resilience, incidents and reporting, perceived threats, and investments – while analyzing the current appetite for managed services, cyber insurance and AI-powered applications.

In this new report, 87% of U.S. and 83% of Canadian SMBs said that they feel slightly to very confident that their business is cyber resilient. Across both countries, cyber resilience confidence rose to 91% and 88%, respectively, for businesses that had more than one cyber incident in the last year (over businesses that had zero or one incident during that timeframe). Across both regions, about half of respondents (47% in the U.S. and 52% in Canada) said that they don’t expect a change in cybersecurity budget this year.

In order to manage cyber-attacks, SMBs are increasingly including cyber insurance in their resilience strategies to ensure compliance, financial stability and peace of mind when incidents occur. Today, 86% of U.S. SMBs carry cyber insurance, with over half deploying specific security controls (e.g., MFA, IAM, EDR/MDR) as part of their coverage conditions. Canadian SMBs only trail slightly with 78% carrying cyber insurance. In both countries, respondents who have had more than one incident are more likely to carry insurance.

On the AI front, Canadians are more cautious about the deployment of new AI applications than their U.S. counterparts. 69% of Canadian respondents said that they are integrating AI applications into their organization compared to 81% of U.S. respondents.

The 2026 Index surveyed 700 cybersecurity decision-makers across U.S. and Canadian organizations with 25 to 1,000 endpoints, uncovering new insights into SMB cyber readiness, incident response, cybersecurity tools and management, insurance and compliance, AI strategy, and more. Here are some additional highlights from the report released today:

“Perception vs. Reality”: Are SMBs Worried About the Right Threats?

· SMBs across the U.S. (32%) and Canada (34%) say AI-powered malware is their top concern for the year ahead, a signal of how dominant AI has become in headlines and boardroom conversations.

· But the actual causes of breaches paint a very different picture. In the U.S., the leading drivers of cyber incidents remain phishing (27%), lack of security monitoring (27%) and unpatched security vulnerabilities (25%). In Canada, attacks most often stem from phishing (21%), weak passwords (20%), and insufficient security monitoring (20%).

· Meanwhile, one of the most consequential risks, supply chain compromise, barely registers among SMBs’ top concerns in the survey, ranking eighth (17%) among U.S. respondents and 10th (16%) for Canadians – despite the potential for widespread downstream impact.

· Finally, 82% of U.S. and Canadian SMBs agree that cyber warfare and global conflict pose a real threat to their business, underscoring how interconnected today’s risks are.

Cyber Insurance is Influencing Security Behavior

· Incident experience is a major driver of cyber risk insurance adoption: 95% of U.S. and 92% of Canadian SMBs that suffered multiple incidents carry insurance, compared to 77% of U.S. and 68% of Canadian businesses with no incidents.

· In both markets, insurers are playing a more direct role in shaping security posture: 55% of insured U.S. SMBs and 41% of insured Canadian SMBs are required to implement specific controls, often involving continuous monitoring or MDR‑style services, as a condition of coverage.

· Of SMBs surveyed, 16% U.S. and 19% of Canadian respondents say that they outsource some or all of their cybersecurity. Of the U.S. companies that outsource, 35% of SMBs now outsource security to a cyber insurer offering MDR, 21% use an MDR vendor, 17% rely on an MSP/MSSP with MDR, and 27% still use a traditional MSP.

· Of the Canadian companies who outsource, 27% of SMBs now outsource security to a cyber insurer offering MDR, 8% use an MDR vendor, 27% rely on an MSP/MSSP with MDR, and 38% still use a traditional MSP.

Confidence Rising Meets Increasing Attacks

· Even as confidence rises, cyberattacks remain widespread across the U.S. and Canada, reinforcing the sense that cybersecurity incidents are now an inevitable part of doing business.

· In the U.S., 54% of SMBs experienced an incident in the past 12 months, including 22% who faced multiple breaches. Canada shows a similar trend, with 46% reporting at least one incident and 12% experiencing more than one. These numbers highlight how frequently SMBs are being targeted and successfully compromised, despite increased awareness and stronger budgets.

· This growing prevalence is shaping how SMBs think about risk, pushing many to build processes that assume disruption rather than hope to avoid it altogether. In fact, organizations with multiple incidents show the highest confidence levels. In the U.S., 52% of those with repeat incidents (and 42% of Canadians) identify as “very confident,” compared to firms with only one or no incidents.

· These repeatedly targeted organizations also report the strongest budgets, with 45% of U.S. SMBs in this category describing their cybersecurity funding as “more than sufficient” and expecting additional investment increases. Canadian firms were less enthusiastic with their budget – with 25% identifying their budgets as “more than sufficient.”

· Finally, cybersecurity confidence does not always correlate with company size in the United States. Larger U.S. SMBs (500–1,000 endpoints) are less likely to deploy advanced, proactive measures such as threat detection and response (24%) than smaller SMBs (34%), indicating that operational complexity may be outpacing modernization efforts even as confidence rises.

SMBs are Still Investing in Awareness & Training

· Across both the U.S. and Canada, cyber awareness training emerges as the top investment priority for the year ahead, reinforcing the reality that human error remains the most exploited weakness in today’s attacks.

· Over 90% of SMBs in both countries say training is “critical” or “very important,” with 42% of U.S. SMBs and 43% of Canadian SMBs planning to increase these investments in the next 12 months—making it the leading budget category in both markets.

· Nearly half of SMBs now go beyond basic training: 44% of U.S. organizations and 47% in Canada use structured programs that include phishing simulations, a shift likely driven by rising concern over AI‑driven phishing techniques and deepfake‑enabled impersonation threats.

· This emphasis on strengthening the human layer aligns closely with incident data, as phishing remains a top cause of breaches (27% in the U.S., 21% in Canada), underscoring why SMBs continue to invest heavily in awareness, behavior change, and simulation‑based resilience.

ESET’s 2026 SMB Cyber Readiness Index surveyed 700 cybersecurity decision‑makers across the United States and Canada in industries such as manufacturing, construction, healthcare, retail, telecommunications, transportation, and more. This included 500 respondents from the United States and 200 from Canada with 25 to 1,000 endpoints. Notably, 67% of U.S. respondents and 51% of Canadian respondents were their company’s primary decision-makers for cybersecurity.